Dr ALICE CLAIRE GORMAN FSA FAHA MAACAI
+61 (0)428 450 418
alice.gorman@flinders.edu.au
QUALIFICATIONS
2001 PhD Division of Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology, School of Human and Environmental Studies, University of New England, NSW
1986 BA (Hons) Combined Honours in Archaeology and Classics, University of Melbourne
RECENT IMPACT AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (FAHA), 2023
Appointed Vice-Chair, Global Expert Group for Sustainable Lunar Activities (2021-2024)
Finalist in the Australian Space Awards: Academic of the Year (2023)
Appointed to International Astronautical Federation Space Habitats Technical Committee (2020-2023)
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of the Moon (2021)
Appointed a mentor in the United Nations Space4Women program (2020-2021)
University of New England Distinguished Alumni Award (2020)
Awarded Life Membership of the Space Industry Association of Australia (2022)
Over 2 million reads at The Conversation (2022)
Elected President of the Anthropological Society of South Australia (2019-2022)
Appointed to the Advisory Council of the Space Industry Association of Australia (2019-2022)
ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS/COMMITTEES
• International Astronautical Federation Space Habitat Technical Committee (member)
• International Academy of Astronautics Space Debris Committee (member)
• Space Industry Association of Australia Advisory Council (Life Member)
• American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Senior Member, member of the History Committee and Vice-Chair of the Adelaide Section)
• Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (London)
• Australian Research Council (Assessor)
• Australian Archaeological Association (member)
• Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (member)
• Anthropological Society of South Australia (President; Editorial Board Member Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia)
• Association of Critical Heritage Studies (member)
• Moon Village Association (Cultural Considerations Committee member)
• Fellow of the Outer Space Institute (University of British Columbia, Canada)
• IAU Centre for the Protection of Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellations Interference (member)
AWARDS
Literary
2019 Mark and Evette Moran NIB Literary Award for Non-Fiction People’s Choice (Waverley Council NSW)
2019 Alex Buzo Shortlist Award (for being shortlisted for the Mark and Evette Moran NIB Literary Award)
2019 John Mulvaney Book Award (Australian Archaeological Association)
2017 Bragg UNSW Press Prize for Science Writing
Shortlists
2020 NSW Premier’s Literary Awards (Douglas Stewart Prize for Non-Fiction)
2020 Adelaide Festival Literary Awards (Non-Fiction Award)
2020 Book Authority Best New Archaeology Books 2020
2019 Queensland Literary Awards (University of Queensland Non-Fiction Book Award)
2015 3 Quarks Daily Science Prize semifinalist
Academic
2020 University of New England Distinguished Alumni Award
2019 Research Communication Award (College of the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University)
2017 Shortlisted for an interactive poster award at the International Astronautical Congress, for Lunar mining and cultural heritage management: what are the issues?
2010 No 1 Lecturer at Flinders University, UniJobs and CampusDaily Lecturer of the Year Awards.
1998 AACAI Award for Best Student Presentation, Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference
Industry
2023 Finalist for Academic of the Year, Australian Space Awards
2022 Finalist for Academic of the Year, Australian Space Awards
2021 Finalist for Researcher of the Year, Academic of the Year, Female Leader of the Year, Innovator of the Year, Australian Space Awards:
2020 Finalist for Best Researcher of the year and Best Academic of the Year, Australian Space Awards
2001 Finalist, Queensland Premier’s Awards for Excellence in Public Sector Management. Award category: Bridges to Reconciliation. For Awoonga Dam Cultural Heritage Project Stage 2 – training Indigenous community in archaeology
BOARD DIRECTORSHIPS
• JustSpace Alliance, 2020 - 2024
• Space Industry Association of Australia 2017 – 2019
• 2ARM FM Community Radio Station, Armidale NSW, 1996 - 2000
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY (ACADEMIC)
2020-2024 Associate Professor College of the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University
2015-2019 Senior Lecturer College of the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University (Note: 2012-2014 I took leave of absence to return to industry employment)
2009 – 2012, 2014-2015 Lecturer Level B Department of Archaeology, Flinders University
2008 Lecturer Level B (contract) Department of Archaeology, Flinders University
2005 - 2007 Contract Lecturer Department of Archaeology, Flinders University
2005 Casual lecturer Centre for Archaeology, The University of Western Australia
RELEVANT PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
May 2013 – present Specialist Heritage Adviser Wallis Heritage Consulting. Duties include:
● High-level peer review of heritage and expert witness reports
● Tender preparation
● Project management and fieldwork
● Liaison with clients, Traditional Owners and government agencies
December 2013 – June 2014 Adelaide Resource Manager Ecology and Heritage Partners, Vic. Duties included:
● Liaison with clients, Traditional Owners and government agencies
● Marketing and business development
● Staff training and mentoring
● Tender preparation
● Report review and editing
August 2012 – May 2013 Team Leader – Archaeology Australian Cultural Heritage Management, SA Duties included:
● Supervision of ten staff including mentoring and provision of training
● Liaising with clients, Traditional Owners and government agencies
● High-level report editing
● Conducting performance reviews and job interviews
● Tender preparation
2003 Senior Conservation Officer Cultural Heritage Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, Rockhampton, Qld Duties included:
● Issue of permits
● Liaison with Indigenous and community groups, developers and other government agencies
● Review of Cultural Heritage Management Plans and cultural heritage reports
● Preparation of Ministerial Advice
● Investigation of legislative breaches
● Review of legislation change
2000 – 2002 Team Leader, Archaeology Awoonga Alliance, Gladstone, Qld Duties included:
● Consultation and liaison with Native Title Claimants and general public
● Supervision of seven staff including Indigenous field technicians
● Production of Cultural Heritage Management Plan for 300 sites
● Permit applications and liaison with the Environmental Protection Agency
● Provision of training to Indigenous field technicians
● Research and report preparation
COMPETITIVE GRANTS
2019 - 2021Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP190102747 International Space Station Archaeological Project (Value $244, 400.00) Role: Chief Investigator (with Assoc/Prof Justin Walsh, Chapman University, US).
2016 Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (ANSTO) Dating stick-nest rat middens in the inland Pilbara region to assist in reconstructing palaeoenvironments of the late Quaternary, especially the Holocene (Value $16 800) Role: Chief Investigator (with Lynley Wallis)
Flinders Institute for Research in the Humanities (FiRTH) Research theme: Technologies of Memory and Affect (Value $10 000) Role: Chief Investigator (with Julian Meyrick, Tully Barnett, Julia Erhart and Son Vivienne)
2011 Knowledge Exchange Grant, South Australia City of Marion (SA) Cultural Heritage Baseline Study (Value $9000) Role: Chief Investigator
2010 Australian Space Research Program Grant Place and Space: Perspectives in Earth Observation (Value $950,000) Role: Advisor and expert on Aboriginal consultation.
2009 ACT Heritage Grant Orroral Valley NASA Tracking Station: The Archaeology of Australia’s Space Heritage (Value: $8189) Role: Chief Investigator
2006 Flinders Research Grant, Flinders University The Archaeology of World War II in South Australia (Value: $9000) Role: Chief Investigator (with Heather Burke)
2002 Museums Australia Regional Arts Development Fund Indigenous Collections Management A two-day workshop on museum skills for Gladstone Traditional Owners and local heritage societies, in collaboration with the Gladstone Regional Art Museum and Gallery. (Value: $1400)
1988 Thyne Reid Memorial Fellowship University of Sydney (Value: $10, 000)
PUBLICATIONS
Books
Gorman, A.C 2019 Dr Space Junk vs the Universe: Archaeology and the Future. Sydney: New South Books. US Edition: Cambridge MA: MIT Press
Edited books
Salazar, Juan Francisco and Gorman, A.C (eds) 2023 The Routledge Handbook of the Social Studies of Outer Space. London: Routledge Book
Chapters
Gorman, A.C. Forthcoming ‘We are as strangers here now’: Interplanetary colonialism and contested landscapes. In Asif Siddiqi (ed) Cosmic Fragments. Dislocation and Discontent in the Global Space Age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press
Gorman, A.C. Forthcoming. How we let the Moon die, and why it isn’t dead. In James Ellis (ed) The Final Frontier: Mythologies of Outer Space. Calgary: University of Calgary
Gorman, A.C. 2023 Space and time through material culture: an account of space archaeology. In Juan Francisco Salazar and Alice Gorman (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Social Studies of Outer Space, pp 44-56. London: Routledge
Gorman, A.C. 2023 A post-geocentric gravitography of human culture. In Juan Francisco Salazar and Alice Gorman (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Social Studies of Outer Space, pp 480-492. London: Routledge
Gorman, A.C. 2023 Contact zones and outer space environments. a feminist archaeological analysis of space habitats. In James Schwartz, Linda Billings and Erika Nesvold (eds) Reclaiming Space. Progressive and Multicultural Visions of Space Exploration, pp 215 - 231. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gorman, A.C. 2023 Cultural landscapes in outer space. In Cari Goetcheus and Steve Brown (eds) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Practice, pp 308-312. London: Routledge
Gorman, A.C. and Justin Walsh 2023 Archaeology in a vacuum: obstacles to and solutions for developing a real space archaeology. In Hans Barnard and Ran Boytner (eds) Archaeology Outside the Box: Investigations at the Edge of the Discipline. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press
Gorman, A.C. 2021 Moonwalking. When other worlds belong to women. The Griffith Review 74: 118-129
Gorman, A.C. 2021 Space debris, Space Situational Awareness and cultural heritage management in Earth orbit. In M. de Zwart and S. Henderson (eds) Commercial and Military Uses of Outer Space, Issues in Space, pp 133-151. Singapore: Springer
Gorman, A.C. and Sarah May 2020 Future visions and the heritage of space: nostalgia for infinity. In Anders Hogberg and Cornelius Holtorf (eds) Cultural Heritage and the Future, pp 130 -143. London and New York: Routledge
Gorman, A.C. 2020 Geometry and the uncanny in the interior of the International Space Station. In Roland Miller and Paolo Nespoli (eds) Interior Space: A Visual Exploration of the International Space Station, pp 53-57. Bologna: Damiani
Gorman, A.C. 2020 Space Junk. In Philippe Tortell (ed) Earth 2020: An insider’s guide to a rapidly changing planet, pp 241-248. Open Book Publishers
Gorman, A.C. 2019 Ghosts in the machine: space junk and the future of Earth orbit. In Liam Young (ed) Machine landscapes: architectures of the post-Anthropocene. Architectural Design 89(1):107-111
Gorman, A.C. 2018 Gravity's playground: dreams of spaceflight and the rocket park in Australian culture. In Darran Jordan and Rocco Bosco (eds) Defining the Fringe of Contemporary Australian Archaeology. Pyramidiots, Paranoia and the Paranormal, pp. 92-107. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Trace fossils. The silence of Ediacara, the shadow of uranium. In Julianne Schultz and Patrick Allington (eds) State of Hope. The Griffith Review 55: 257-266.
Gorman, A.C. 2016 Tracking cable ties: contemporary archaeology at a NASA satellite tracking station. In Ursula K. Frederick and Anne Clarke (eds) That Was Then, This Is Now: Contemporary Archaeology and Material Cultures in Australia, pp 101-117. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Gorman, A.C. 2015 Robot avatars: The material culture of human activity in Earth orbit. In B.L. O'Leary and P.J. Capelotti (eds) Archaeology and Heritage of the Human Movement into Space, pp. 29–47. Heidelberg: Springer.
Gorman, A.C. and B.L. O’Leary 2013 The archaeology of space exploration. In P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, pp.409–424. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Space archaeology. In C. Smith (ed) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, pp.6943–6948. SpringerReference.
Gorman, A.C. 2012 Space archaeology. In N. Silberman (ed) The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, pp.197–200. New York: Oxford University Press.
Burke, H.D., A.C. Gorman, K. Mayes and D. Renshaw 2011 The Heritage Uncertainty Principle: Excavating air raid shelters from the Second World War. In K. Okamura and A. Matsuda (eds), New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeology, pp.139–154. New York: Springer.
Gorman, A.C. 2009 The archaeology of space exploration. In D. Bell and M. Parker (eds), Space Travel and Culture: From Apollo to Space Tourism, pp.129–142. Wiley-Blackwell.
Gorman, A.C. 2009 The cultural landscape of space. In A. Darrin and B.L. O’Leary (eds), The Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology and Heritage. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp.331–342.
Gorman, A.C. 2009 Heritage of Earth orbit: Orbital debris – its mitigation and heritage. In A. Darrin and B.L. O’Leary (eds) The Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology and Heritage. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 377–393.
Gorman, A.C. 2009 Beyond the Space Race: The significance of space sites in a new global context. In A. Piccini and C. Holtorf (eds), Contemporary Archaeologies: Excavating Now. Bern: Peter Lang, pp.161–180.
Gorman, A.C. 2008 The primitive body and colonial administration: Henry Ling Roth’s approach to body modification. In R. McDougall and I. Davidson (eds), The Roth Family, Anthropology and Colonial Administration. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, pp.83–103
Gorman, A.C. and B.L. O’Leary 2007 An ideological vacuum: The Cold War in space. In J. Schofield and W. Cocroft (eds) A Fearsome Heritage: Diverse Legacies of the Cold War. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, pp 73–92 Finalist, Best Scholarly Publication, British Archaeological Awards
Refereed Journal Articles
Walsh, Justin St. P., Rao Hamza Ali, Alice C. Gorman and Amir Kanan Kashefi 2023 First approximation of population distributions on the International Space Station. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.A35686
Walsh, Justin, A.C. Gorman and Paola Castaño 2022 Postorbital discard and chain of custody: The processing of artifacts returning to Earth from the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica 195:513-531
Hamza, Rao Ali, Amir Kanan Kashefi, Justin Walsh, Alice Gorman and Erik Linstead 2022 Automated identification of astronauts on board the International Space Station: A case study in space archaeology. Acta Astronautica 200: 262-269
Walsh, Justin St. P. and A.C. Gorman 2021 A method for space archaeology research: the International Space Station Archaeological Project. Antiquity 95(383): 1331-1343.
Walsh, Justin, A.C. Gorman and Wendy Salmond 2021 Visual displays in space-station culture: An archaeological analysis. Current Anthropology 62(6): 804-818
Salmond, Wendy, Justin Walsh and AC Gorman 2020 Eternity in Low Earth Orbit: icons on the International Space Station. Religions 11(11):611
Smith, C., H.D. Burke, J. Ralph, K. Pollard, A.C. Gorman, C.J. Wilson et al. 2019 Pursuing social justice through collaborative archaeologies in Aboriginal Australia. Archaeologies 15(3):536-569
Burke, H.D., S.A. Arthure, C. de Leiuen, J. McEgan and A.C. Gorman 2019 In search of the hidden Irish: Historical archaeology, identity and ‘Irishness’ in nineteenth century South Australia. Historical Archaeology 52(4):798-823
Munt, S., A.R. Roberts and A.C. Gorman 2018 An investigation of human responses to climatic fluctuations at Allen’s Cave, South Australia, from ca. 40,000 to 5,000 BP, by a technological analysis of stone artefacts. Australian Archaeology 84:67-83
Gorman, A.C. 2016 Culture on the Moon: bodies in time and space. Archaeologies 12(1):110-128
Gorman, A.C. 2014 The Anthropocene in the Solar System. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 1(1):73–132.
Wallis, L.A., A.C. Gorman and H.D. Burke 2013 The opportunities and challenges of graduate level teaching in cultural heritage management. Australian Archaeology 76:52–61.
Gorman, A.C. 2011 The sky is falling: How Skylab became an Australian icon. Journal of Australian Studies 35(4):529–546.
Wallis, L.A. and A.C. Gorman 2010 A time for change? Indigenous heritage values and management practice in the Coorong and Lower Murray Lakes region, South Australia. Australian Aboriginal Studies 2010(1):57–73.
Gorman, A.C. 2009 The gravity of archaeology. Archaeologies 5(2):344–359.
Gorman, A.C. 2007 La terre et l’espace: Rockets, prisons, protests and heritage in Australia and French Guiana. Archaeologies 3(2):153–168.
Gorman, A.C. 2005 The cultural landscape of interplanetary space. Journal of Social Archaeology 5(1):85–107.
Refereed Conference Proceedings
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Not all space debris is junk - a comprehensive management strategy for culturally significant spacecraft. In International Astronautical Congress 2017. International Astronautical Federation, September 2017, pp 1-10.
Horner, J., B. Nicholson, A. Cairns, W. Short and A.C. Gorman 2017 The gender balance of the Australian space research community: A snapshot from the 16th ASRC, 2016. In Wayne Short (ed) Proceedings of the 16th Australian Space Research Conference, RMIT
Horner, Jonathan, A.C. Gorman, Ann Cairns, and Wayne Short 2016 The gender balance of the Australian Space Research Community: A snapshot from the 15th ASRC, 2015. In Graziella Caprarelli (ed) Proceedings of the 15th Australian Space Research Conference, Canberra
Gorman, A.C. 2005 The archaeology of orbital space. In Antonnette Joseph (ed), Proceedings of the Australian Space Science Conference 2005, pp 338–357. Melbourne: RMIT University.
Gorman, A.C. 1997 The archaeology of body modification, or, decorating Rita. In I. Soliman (ed.), Rita Asks: Does the Body Count? pp 12–25. Armidale: Women’s and Gender Studies and the Academic Women’s Association, University of New England.
Gorman, A.C. 1995 Gender, labour and resources: The female knappers of the Andaman Islands. In W. Beck and J. Balme (eds), Gendered Archaeology, pp.87–91. Canberra: Division of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
Gorman, A.C. 1994 Freud, Hobbes and Engels: Theories of prehistoric inequality. In L. Smith and H. du Cros (eds), Women in Archaeology: A Feminist Critique, pp.46–50. Canberra: Division of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
Edited student books
Lynley A. Wallis, Heather Burke and A.C. Gorman 2022 Cyborg: how humans are becoming machines. Brisbane: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Burke, Heather, Lynley A. Wallis and A.C. Gorman 2021 Recycle(d): objects and their afterlives. Brisbane: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Burke, Heather, Lynley A. Wallis and A.C. Gorman 2021 War and peace: a material culture study. Brisbane: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Gorman, AC, Heather Burke and Lynley Wallis (eds) 2020 Space: an exploration of objects. Brisbane: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Gorman, A.C, Lynley Wallis and Heather Burke (eds) 2017 Road tripping: a journey of artefacts. Adelaide: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Gorman, A.C, and Lynley Wallis (eds) 2016 Loveable: the story behind objects from thrift shops. Adelaide: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Gorman, A.C, and Lynley Wallis (eds) 2015 Disposable: the story of everyday objects. Adelaide: Wallis Heritage Consulting
Archaeological data sets
Justin Walsh, Alice Gorman, and Wendy Salmond 2021 International Space Station from Off World. In Archaeology of the International Space Station. Justin Walsh, Alice Gorman, Wendy Salmond (Ed). Released: 2021-01-27. Open Context.
Other selected publications
Blogs
Selected Consulting Reports
Technical Reports
Science Communication
Walsh, J. St.P. and A.C. Gorman 2021 Private space stations are coming. Will they be better than their predecessors? December 6, https://theconversation.com/private-space-stations-are-coming-will-they-be-better-than-their-predecessors-170871
Gorman, A.C. 2021 Dreaming in Space. Commissioned essay in the series How do we understand the Cosmos as our home? Centre for Humans and Nature, 26 April, https://www.humansandnature.org/dreaming-in-space
Gorman, A.C. and Thomas Gooch 2021 Managing the Moon. A model for engaging with planetary environments. Room. The Space Journal of Asgardia, March pp 106-110
Gorman, A.C. 2021 The growing problem of space junk. CNN op-ed, May 9 https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/08/opinions/long-march-5b-space-junk-growing-problem-gorman/index.html
Gorman, A.C. 2020 Who is responsible for heritage in outer space? 23 November, Apollo: The International Art Magazine. https://www.apollo-magazine.com/artemis-accords-heritage-outer-space/. Print: December issue as Saving Space, pp 29-31
Gorman, A.C. 2020 Hayabusa2 comes home: remarkable space probe could open another window into how life originated. The Guardian, December 5 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/dec/05/hayabusa2-comes-home-remarkable-space-probe-could-open-another-window-into-how-life-originated
Gorman, A.C. 2020 Plague on Spaceship Earth. STRP Festival, April https://strp.nl/program/alice-gorman
Gorman, A.C. 2019 Cosmic Sweep. The Wheeler Centre https://www.wheelercentre.com/notes/cosmic-sweep
Gorman, A.C. 2019 We need to protect the heritage of the Apollo missions. https://theconversation.com/we-need-to-protect-the-heritage-of-the-apollo-missions-117007
Gorman, A.C. 2019 Friday essay: shadows on the Moon - a tale of ephemeral beauty, humans and hubris https://theconversation.com/friday-essay-shadows-on-the-moon-a-tale-of-ephemeral-beauty-humans-and-hubris-114077
Gorman, A.C. 2019 Cold war cocktails and space cows. New South Publishing http://www.newsouthpublishing.com/articles/cold-war-cocktails-and-space-cows/
Gorman, A.C. 2019 At home in the Antarctic. Griffith Review Great Reads. The best of the web from Griffith Review writers and staff. 28 June https://mailchi.mp/griffith/great-reads-28-June
Gorman, A.C. 2018 A space archaeologist’s vision of the future. Australia’s Science Channel, RiAus, https://australiascience.tv/a-space-archaeologists-vision-for-the-future/
Gorman, A.C. 2018 Curious Kids: why does the world store nuclear waste and not just shoot it into the Sun or deep space? https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-does-the-world-store-nuclear-waste-and-not-just-shoot-it-into-the-sun-or-deep-space-108675
Gorman, A.C. 2018 Australian archaeologists dropped the term ‘Stone Age’ decades ago, and so should you. https://theconversation.com/australian-archaeologists-dropped-the-term-stone-age-decades-ago-and-so-should-you-47275
Dempster, Andrew and A.C. Gorman 2018 What we’re looking for in Australia’s space agency: views from NSW and SA. March 29 https://theconversation.com/what-were-looking-for-in-australias-space-agency-views-from-nsw-and-sa-92278
Gorman, A.C. 2018 60 years in orbit for ‘grapefruit satellite’ – the oldest human object in space March 21 https://theconversation.com/60-years-in-orbit-for-grapefruit-satellite-the-oldest-human-object-in-space-93640
Gorman, A.C. 2018 A sports car and a glitter ball are now in space – what does that say about us as humans? February 7 https://theconversation.com/a-sports-car-and-a-glitter-ball-are-now-in-space-what-does-that-say-about-us-as-humans-9115
Gorman, A.C. 2017 From the outback to orbit: Why doesn’t Australia celebrate its achievements in space? Australia’s Science Channel (RiAus) https://australiascience.tv/from-the-outback-to-orbit-why-doesnt-australia-celebrate-our-achievements-in-space/
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Curious kids: How do satellites get back to Earth? October 4 https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-how-do-satellites-get-back-to-earth-82447
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Space bling: ‘jewelled’ LAGEOS satellites help us to measure the Earth. May 4 https://theconversation.com/space-bling-jewelled-lageos-satellites-help-us-to-measure-the-earth-76948
Gorman, A.C. 2016 To boldly go toward new frontiers, we first need to learn from our colonial past. October 7 https://theconversation.com/to-boldly-go-toward-new-frontiers-we-first-need-to-learn-from-our-colonial-past-65568
Gorman, A.C. 2016 We should encourage boys and girls to reach for the stars. July 15 https://theconversation.com/we-should-encourage-boys-and-girls-to-reach-for-the-stars-59905
Gorman, A.C. and Steven Freeland 2016 Travaillons ensemble pour l’exploitation minière du systéme solaire. May 13 https://theconversation.com/travaillons-ensemble-pour-lexploitation-miniere-du-systeme-solaire-5831
Gorman, A.C. and Steven Freeland 2016 We should work together in the race to mine the solar system. February 23 https://theconversation.com/near-earth-and-far-away-its-been-an-exciting-year-in-space-35370
Orrman-Rossiter Kevin and A.C. Gorman 2016 The long hunt for new objects in our expanding solar system. February 4 https://theconversation.com/the-long-hunt-for-new-objects-in-our-expanding-solar-system-53505
Matthews, Jacqueline, A.C. Gorman and Lynley Wallis 2016 Laila Haglund. The creation of a profession. Trowelblazers https://trowelblazers.com/laila-haglund/
Orrman-Rossiter Kevin and A.C. Gorman 2015 Finding Pluto: the hunt for Planet X. July 17 https://theconversation.com/finding-pluto-the-hunt-for-planet-x-44508
Gorman, A.C. 2015 Let the people decide new place names on Mercury and Pluto. April 20 https://theconversation.com/let-the-people-decide-new-place-names-on-mercury-and-pluto-40079
Gorman, A.C. 2014 Near Earth and far away, it’s been an exciting year in space. 30 December https://theconversation.com/near-earth-and-far-away-its-been-an-exciting-year-in-space-35370
Wallis, L.A., H. Burke and A.C. Gorman 2014 Losing the plot: Death may be permanent but your grave isn’t. 6 November https://theconversation.com/losing-the-plot-death-is-permanent-but-your-grave-isnt-33459
Gorman, A.C. 2014 Speaking with Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield. 18 August https://theconversation.com/speaking-with-canadian-astronaut-chris-hadfield-30032
Gorman, A.C. 2014 Apollo 11 changed the way we felt about the moon, 45 years ago. 18 July https://theconversation.com/apollo-11-changed-the-way-we-felt-about-the-moon-45-years-ago-29049
Gorman, A.C. 2014 Dead or alive, the Yutu rover says much about how we relate to robots. 5 February https://theconversation.com/dead-or-alive-the-yutu-rover-says-much-about-how-we-relate-to-robots-22530
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Look, but don’t touch: US law and the protection of lunar heritage. 29 November https://theconversation.com/look-but-dont-touch-us-law-and-the-protection-of-lunar-heritage-20758
Hill, Vanessa and A.C. Gorman 2013 How Twitter fans kept NASA alive during the US shutdown. 21 October https://theconversation.com/how-twitter-fans-kept-nasa-alive-during-the-us-shutdown-19366
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Beyond the morning star: the real tale of Voyager’ Aboriginal music. 3 October https://theconversation.com/beyond-the-morning-star-the-real-tale-of-voyagers-aboriginal-music-18288
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Humanity’s next giant leap: our heritage in space is our future too. 18 June https://theconversation.com/humanitys-next-giant-leap-our-heritage-in-space-is-our-future-too-14228
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Final Frontiers: space. 10 April. https://theconversation.com/final-frontiers-space-13171
Gorman, A.C. and K. Orrman-Rossiter 2012 Joy to the World: and ode to outer space at Christmas. December 24 https://theconversation.com/joy-to-the-world-an-ode-to-outer- space-at-christmas-11388
Orrman-Rossiter, K. and A.C. Gorman 2012 Voyager 1 is leaving the Solar System, but the journey continues. 14 December https://theconversation.com/voyager-1-is-leaving- the-solar-system-but-the-journey-continues-11184
Gorman, A.C. 2012 An interview with Voyager 2 … at the edge of the Solar System. 15 October https://theconversation.com/an-interview-with-voyager-2-at- the-edge-of-the-solar-system-9638
Gorman, A.C. 2012 Venus calling – let’s return to the planet of love. 13 June. https://theconversation.com/venus-calling-lets-return- to-the-planet-of-love-7598 Gorman, A.C. 2012 Saving space junk, our cultural heritage in orbit. 2 April https://theconversation.com/saving-space-junk- our-cultural-heritage-in-orbit-6025
Gorman, A.C. 2012 Space invasions: what to do when stuff falls from the sky. 20 January https://theconversation.com/space-invasions-what-to-do-when-stuff-falls-from-the-sky-4961 Book, film and poetry reviews
Gorman, A.C. 2023 Prejudice, poor pay and the ‘urinary leash’: naming and claiming Australia’s forgotten women scientists. The Conversation, February 9. https://theconversation.com/prejudice-poor-pay-and-the-urinary-leash-naming-and-claiming-australias-forgotten-women-scientists-198407
Gorman, A.C. 2019 A Red’s rocket glare. Review of Escape from Earth: a Secret History of the Space Rocket by Fraser Macdonald. Times Higher Education 2(415):46-47
Gorman, A.C. and Heather Robinson 2018 First Man: a new vision of the Apollo mission to set foot on the moon. https://theconversation.com/first-man-a-new-vision-of-the-apollo-11-mission-to-set-foot-on-the-moon-104050
Gorman, A.C. 2018 The West-Eastern Divan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated from the German by Robert Martin. Transnational Literature 10(2)
Gorman, A.C. 2017 The Offhand Angela and Les Fleurs du Mal, by Jan Owen. Transnational Literature 9(2)
Gorman, A.C. 2014 The Archaeology of Science: Studying the Creation of Useful Knowledge by Michael Schiffer. American Antiquity 79(4):803
Gorman, A.C. 2012 After Modernity: Archaeological Approaches to the Contemporary Past by Rodney Harrison and John Schofield. Australian Archaeology 74:122-123
Gorman, A.C. 2009 Incandescence by Greg Egan. Australian Book Review 309: 45 Gorman, A.C. 2006 The American Wilderness: Reflections on Nature Protection in the United States by Thomas R. Vale. CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 3(2):129-130 https://www.nps.gov/crmjournal/Summer2006/reviewbook13.html
Keynote addresses
2023 Australia in Space: Indigenous Intersections. Australian Women Pilots Association Annual Conference. Mt Gambier, 23 March
2023 Space travel and popular culture in Australia: a black hole in national identity. Flying High: Aviation in Popular Culture. Aviation Cultures Mark VII. Online, 20th July
2023 Digital technologies and their potential for managing the cultural heritage of outer space . International Conference on Data Management, Digitization and Economic Practices in Preserving & Promoting Cultural Heritage – DEPCH2023, July 28. Conference Organisers: İstanbul Aydın University & EURAS - Eurasian Universities Union
2022 Astronauts and artefacts: the archaeology of a habitat in space. Keynote delivered to the Society for Industrial Archaeology, 12 June, USA
2021 Space Archaeology and Defence Space Projects, Keynote delivered to the Defence Space Systems Planning Day, 18 February, Canberra
2021 Islands in space: the visionary science of Hermann Noordung. Keynote delivered to the Slovenian Australian Academic Association (SAAA) 5th Annual Conference, Adelaide, 19 November 2021
2021 Love on a high-grav world. Social and cultural aspects of adaptation to variable gravity. Keynote delivered to the Australasian Association for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Science annual conference, 24-26 November, Melbourne
2020 Managing natural and cultural heritage values on off-Earth industries. Keynote paper presented at the Property Rights and Real Estate Interests in Outer Space conference, RMIT, May 1
2019 (with Justin Walsh) The archaeology of the International Space Station. London Science Museum, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UK
2019 The new poetics of gravity. Heritage of the Air: Modernism, Machines, Migration and Memories. Australia ICOMOS conference, Canberra 14-17 November
2018 The black swan of trespass: Technological heritage and Australian identity. ICOMOS Australia, Under the Microscope – Exploring Science Heritage Symposium, November 11, Hobart
2016 Haunted Houses in Hypervelocity: Orbital Futures. Round Table, Propulsion: on Changing Futures, Vienna University of Applied Arts, Vienna
2015 Place names in the solar system. Place Names conference, Flinders University, Adelaide
2014 Space Junk or Cultural Heritage? Planning Institute of Australia and VPELA State Planning Conference, Warrnambool
2013 The impacts of the space environment on terrestrial materials: can we have an orbital museum? Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Materials (AICCM) conference, Adelaide.
Public Lectures
International
2023 The archaeology of another world: uncovering our lunar cultural heritage. Paul Sykes Memorial Lecture, Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vancouver. 9 March, online
2022 Archaeology on the Moon. David Elder Lecture, 28 January, Glasgow Science Centre
2022 The Archaeology of an Inhabited Solar System, Critical Outer Space Studies Lecture Series, Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, and Université Toulouse-Jean-Jaurés. October 11
2019 Dr Space Junk vs the Universe. Boshell Lecture, Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX, Friday 1 November
2017 The space traveler’s guide to the archaeology of the solar system. October 12, Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Chapman University, California
2017 A Journey into Outer Space. Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Auckland, New Zealand
2016 The archaeology of the solar system. Physics Department, St Joseph’s College, Bengaluru
2015 The archaeology of space exploration. Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Rethymno, Crete
2005 From the desert to the tropics: European space exploration at Woomera. Mediathèque, Kourou, French Guiana
2004 A sense of urgency: space exploration and Indigenous cultural values at the Woomera Rocket Range, South Australia. Kent Hall Museum, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
National
2023 The Legacy of the Apollo Moon Landing. Invited public lecture, History of Science In Technology Group, 13 November, Mawson Lecture Theatre, University of Adelaide
2019 Lunar Archaeology. National Science Week, hosted by the Australia New Zealand Forensic Sciences Society, 12 August, Victoria Square, Adelaide
2019 The archaeology of Apollo 11. Through Space and Time, Pint of Science Festival 11-13 May, Wheatsheaf Hotel (event sold out)
2018 From Venus to Voyager: what space junk says about humans beyond Earth. History Trust SA ‘Talking History’ series, Drill Hall, Adelaide
2016 Way….way out. Mad Men on the Moon. Step Back in Time Series, Flinders University 50th anniversary
2015 Space archaeology: excavating now. Flinders Investigators Lecture, 21 October, Flinders Victoria Square
2010 with I. Moffat 2010 Orroral Valley Tracking Station: The archaeology of Australia’s space heritage. Canberra Archaeological Society/ANU Centre for Archaeological Research.
Invited presentations and lectures
International
2019 The archaeology of space. Blue Dot Festival, Jodrell Bank, Manchester UK, July 21
2019 From Venus to Voyager. What space junk says about humans beyond Earth. Department of Physics, Oxford University, UK
2019 The Abandoned Solar System. Social Dimensions of Outer Space seminar series, Cultural and Historical Geography Research group, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh
2018 (with Justin Walsh) The Archaeology of the International Space Station. European Space Agency History Workshop, Padua, Italy
2017 A colonial space: women spacefarers of the Antipodes. United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs/United Nations Office of Women Expert Panel on Space for Women, New York
2017 Space archaeology. Vienna Institute for Archaeological Sciences, 22 May
2016 Heritage and orbital debris mitigation. Space Innovation Congress, London 2016 Satellite dreaming: a new poetics of space. University of York
2016 The future was…..space junk. Invited presentation at the Global Arts Forum, Dubai, March
National
2020 The archaeology of the solar system. Sydney City Skywatchers, August 3, via Zoom
2020 From Earth to eternity: archaeology in space. Invited talk to the Blackheath History Forum, NSW, September 19
2020 Managing natural and cultural heritage values in off-Earth industries. Property rights and real estate interests in outer space, RMIT
2019 The Show of the Year, hosted by Casey Benetto. Topic: Black Holes. The Wheeler Centre, Athenaeum Theatre, Melbourne, 4 December
2019 The archaeological record of humans beyond Earth. Australian National University School of Archaeology and Anthropology, College of Asia & the Pacific, Canberra, 20 September
2019 Shadows on the Moon. The forgotten heritage of Apollo 11. Invited presentation. Symposium: Contemporary Archaeology: How it is practiced today. Canberra Archaeology Society and Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology, National Museum of Australia, Canberra 4 May
2018 The abandoned solar system. Adelaide Festival of Ideas, 12-15 July, Adelaide
2018 From the Ediacara to Earth orbit: landscape in a solar system context. Deep Time Workshop, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Western Australia, 10 August
2017 Mining the Moon. TEDxSydney Salon, Sydney https://www.ted.com/talks/alice_gorman_let_s_think_about_archaeology_on_the_moon/transcript (53, 000 views)
2017 Space junk and cultural heritage. Aerospace Futures conference, Adelaide
2017 The Archaeology of Space Junk. Invited presentation to the University of the Third Age (U3A), Adelaide
2016 Space junk: a Solar System Perspective. Final Frontier Festival, University of Melbourne
2016 Danger Will Robinson: the cultural heritage of space junk. Mt Burnett Observatory, Melbourne
2016 Dr Space Junk’s Heritage Tour of the Solar System. Tastrofest, Ulverstone, Tasmania for National Science Week
2016 Space archaeology. 2 June, Carrick Hill. The Friends of Carrick Hill Inc Adelaide
2016 Space archaeology. Bright Sparks Science Club, 27 July, University of Adelaide
2016 The archaeology of the solar system. Meet the Archaeologists, National Archaeology Week event at Flinders University, 20 May
2015 Shadows on the Moon. Australian Chapter of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, State Library, Adelaide
2014 The heritage of space and astronomy in Australia. Nerd Nite, Sydney
2014 Dyson Spheres and Matrioshka Brains: cultural structures in the universe. Invited presentation at Archaeology in the Torrid Zone: A Symposium in Honour of John Bartley Campbell. 30th November, The Cairns Institute Lecture Theatre, Cairns
2014 Space archaeology. SpaceUp Australia, Adelaide 2013 Space archaeology. National Archaeology Week, University of Western Australia 2013 TEDxSydney, Sydney Opera House http://tedxsydney.com/site/item.cfm?item=51674AD8C290F6C9 7693C2E0B160F8BC
2012 Danger Will Robinson: Heritage Management and Space Junk. Invited presentation to the University of the Third Age (U3A), Adelaide
2012 The space archaeology tour of the solar system. Annual Mensa Conference, 17 November, Rydges Hotel, Adelaide
2011 The heritage of space and astronomy in Australia. National Space and Astronomy Museum at Mt Stromlo Planning workshop, 9 - 10 May
2011, Mt Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, ACT 2010 From LEO to GEO: archaeology and heritage in Earth orbit. Seminar presentation, University of Queensland
2009 Dr Space Junk’s Heritage Tour of the Solar System. End of the World Symposium, Melbourne
2008 From the Stone Age to the Space Age: High technology and Indigenous heritage. Sydney Space Frontier Society, Sydney, February 12
2007 Leaving the Cradle of Earth: Heritage in Low Earth Orbit 1957-1963. Invited seminar presentation, Flinders University, August 9
2007 The space heritage of the Woomera rocket range. Invited seminar presentation, University of the Third Age, Adelaide, January 31
Select Conference Papers and Posters
Gorman, A.C. 2023 ‘Crying for the Moon’: lunar heritage management in the era of mercantile space development. Paper presented at the annual Australian Archaeological Association conference. Broadbeach, Qld
Gorman, A.C. 2023 Landscape values in abiotic space environments: the case of shadows on the Moon. Paper presented at the Commons in Space conference, University of Arizona / International Association for the Study of the Commons
Gorman, Alice, Jonathon Ralston, Jane Hodgkinson and Mark Dunn 2022 One small step that deserves preservation: Human trace fossils on the Moon. International Astronautical Congress, Paris. IAC-22,E4,2,10,x70782
Gorman, A.C. and Justin Walsh 2022 The International Space Station Archaeological Project: New Insights into Designing Space Habitats. International Astronautical Congress, Paris, IAC-22-E5,6,x70600
Gorman, A.C. 2021 Rethinking the Sustainability and Inclusiveness of Space Exploration Through the Design of Space Habitats. International Astronautical Congress 2021, 25-29 October, Dubai.
Gorman, A.C. 2020 A colonial space: women and rockets in Australia. Poster presented at the Space Science in Context virtual conference, University College London
Gorman, A.C. 2019 Cultural heritage and space situational awareness in Earth orbit. Women in Space Forum, University of Adelaide, 27 September
Linstead, Erik, A.C. Gorman and Justin Walsh 2019 Machine learning in space archaeology. Paper presented at Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Archaeology conference, Rome, November 7-8
Walsh, Justin and A.C. Gorman 2017 The Archaeology of the International Space Station. Interactive poster presentation, International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Lunar mining and cultural heritage: what are the issues? Interactive poster presentation, International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide. Shortlisted for poster prize.
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Protecting heritage in outer space: NASA’s lunar guidelines. Paper presented at Contemporary Issues in Space Law symposium, 20 April, University of Adelaide (Invited presentation)
Gorman, A.C. 2017 Moon shadows and fairy castles. Paper presented to the Association of Critical Heritage Studies Symposium (ir)replacable – a discussion about heritage, conservation and future-making, Wednesday 21 June, Anne Harding Conference Centre, University of Canberra.
Gorman, A.C. 2017 ‘In small things forgotten’: the cable tie as a case study in invisible technology. Paper presented at Technologies of Memory and Affect Conference, Flinders Institute for Research in the Humanities,17 February
Gorman, A.C. 2016 Nöosphere now. Beyond the public lecture in archaeological communication. Paper presented at The Public Humanities conference, Adelaide, hosted by the Australasian Consortium of Humanities Research Centres, the ARC Centre for the History of the Emotions and Flinders University.
Donald, Aylza and A.C. Gorman. 2016 From aerospace to everyday life: the trajectory of cable ties. Poster presented at World Archaeological Congress, Kyoto, 28 August – 2 September
Gorman, A.C. 2016 Congohelium and Computronium: the thinking materials of the far future. Theoretical Archaeology Group, New York University
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Robot Avatars: The Material Culture of Human Activity in Earth Orbit. Paper presented at the 78th Society for American Archaeology Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Beyond the morning star: the Voyager spacecraft and Australian Aboriginal culture. Paper presented at the13th Australian Space Science Conference, UNSW.
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Noosphere Now: A decade in archaeology social media. Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference.
Gorman, A.C. 2013 Managing Heritage Values in Lunar and Asteroid Mining: What Are the Issues? Paper presented at the Off-Earth Mining Forum, Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, UNSW.
Butcher, H. and A.C. Gorman 2012 The outback in outer space: the artefacts of an Australian story. Museums Australia conference, Adelaide
Gorman, A.C., Gavan McCarthy and Harvey Butcher 2012 Cultural heritage informatics in Australian astronomy and space science. Digital Humanities Australasia conference, Canberra, March 29
Gorman, A.C. 2012 The personal is the political: communicating archaeology and heritage through online platforms. Digital Humanities Australasia conference, Canberra, March 29
Gorman, A.C. 2010 Space heritage – towards an international agreement. Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, Melbourne, sponsored by JAXA and the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research.
Gorman, A.C. 2010 Dr Space Junk’s Heritage Tour of the Solar System. Seminar presented to the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide.
Gorman, A.C. 2010 The archaeology of Flatland. Paper presented in the Quaternary Forum series, Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU.
Wallis, L., Gorman, A.C. and H. Burke 2010 The opportunities and challenges of graduate level teaching in cultural heritage management. Australian Archaeological Association Conference
Gorman, A.C. 2009 The brumby and the bomb: archaeology at Maralinga. Paper presented at the Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference, Flinders University.
Ratican, C, Morrison, M and A.C. Gorman 2009 The phenomenology of a mission landscape: Twenty Mile, Weipa. Poster presented at the Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference, Flinders University, SA
Gorman, A.C. and A. Starkey 2008 The Kokatha and the Cold War. Indigenous and technological heritage at Woomera, South Australia. Paper presented at the Australian Archaeological Association Conference, Noosa.
Springbett-Bruer, N. and A.C. Gorman 2008 Protecting the heritage of outer space. Poster presented at the 8th Australian Space Science Conference, The Australian National University.
Gorman, A.C. 2007 Leaving the cradle of Earth: The heritage of Low Earth Orbit, 1957-1963. Paper presented at Extreme Heritage: Australia ICOMOS Annual Conference, James Cook University.
Wilson, C., Rigney, G., and A.C. Gorman 2007 Collaborative research and management within Ngarrindjeri Ruwe (lands and waters), South Australia. Paper presented at the AAA/ASHA/AIMA New Ground conference, University of Sydney
Gorman, A.C. 2007 The gravity of archaeology. Paper presented at the AAA/ASHA/AIMA New Ground conference, University of Sydney
Gorman, A.C. 2006 From the Stone Age to the Space Age: High technology and Indigenous heritage. Paper presented at the Fifth Australian Space Development Conference, Canberra
Gorman, A.C. 2005 From the Stone Age to the Space Age: Interpreting the significance of space exploration at Woomera. Paper presented to the symposium Home on the Range: the Cold War, Space Exploration and Heritage at Woomera, South Australia. Flinders University.
Gorman, A.C. 2004 Beyond the space race: the significance of space sites in a new global context. Paper presented to the Society for American Archaeology Annual Conference, Montréal, 2. April
Gorman, A.C. 2004 Archaeology in space. Paper presented to the forum “Where next for Australian space activities?” CRC for Satellite Systems, Canberra.
Gorman, A.C. 2003 Archaeology in space. British Interplanetary Society Lecture Series, London.
Gorman, A.C. 2003 The cultural heritage management of orbital space. World Archaeological Congress, Washington DC
CREATIVE WORKS AND EXHIBITIONS
2020 The Cosmic Welcome Mat Cyber Edition (with Jonathon Keats). Work presented at the 71st International Astronautical Congress, 12-14 October, (online)
2018-2019 The Cosmic Living Room (with Jonathon Keats): Waging Peace. Commissioned installation at the MOD (Museum of Discovery), Adelaide
2019 Adelaide Fringe Festival: performance Futurolinguistics. Interactive presentation at Physics in the Pub, hosted by Phil Dooley, The Rob Roy, Wednesday March 13. (Event sold out)
2018 Adelaide Fringe Festival: performance Eurydice in outer space. Reading and exegesis of Eurydice, by HD. Mysteries and Wonders by The Hearth Collective, The Jade, Adelaide
2017 The Cosmic Welcome Mat (with Jonathon Keats) Art installation at Flinders University and Adelaide Convention Centre, 68th International Astronautical Congress,
2017 September 25-29 Adelaide Fringe Festival: exhibition 50 Shades of Black (cable ties, snap lock scientific sample bags, mapping pins, permanent marker, pinboard) Technologies of Memory and Affect group exhibition, Flinders Victoria Square, launched 17 February
2016 My Favourite Thing Holdfast Bay History Centre, exhibition curated by Julia Garnaut Contribution: selected item and wrote exegesis
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